Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

In the novel Of Mice and Men, Jon Steinbeck depicts the life of two basic men searching for chip away at different farms all through the United States. A definitive objective of Lenny and George is to set aside enough cash so they will have the option to buy their own farm. Venturing to every part of the nation looking for work demonstrates to the men that friendship is perhaps the best thing a man can get. Steinbeck utilizes his novel to present a few subjects that numerous individuals will experience in life, for example, depression, passing, and pursuing the American dream. Â Â Â Â Â Lenny and George find that as long as they have one another, they will consistently have something. The greater part of the other farm laborers don't have any family or a dear companion. Lenny can not deal with himself and relies upon George to do as such. George only depends on Lenny for friendship and as somebody to trust in. George tells Lenny of his deepest desires and in spite of the fact that Lenny may not completely fathom what George is stating, George’s requirement for somebody to speak with is satisfied. Lenny and George are practically similar to a family as in they fulfill each other’s passionate needs and stay with one another. Both Lenny and George advantage significantly from their relationship. In spite of the fact that apparently Lenny needs George more, George’s needs are only not as clear. Without Lenny, George would take his compensation, and “go into town and purchase alcohol.'; Lenny is a methods for expecta tion and his essence keeps George on target. Â Â Â Â Â Death isn't seen to be the most noticeably terrible conceivable circumstance in this case. Lenny has a state of mind and has the intellectual ability proportionate to that of a third grader. Lenny’s thinking abilities, or rather deficiency in that department, lead him into doing mischief to other people and eventually into slaughtering Curley’s spouse. After the other farm laborers discover Curley’s spouse dead, they think Lenny to be the executioner. Lenny flees and stows away in a detect that George has advised him to race to in the event that anything awful ought to ever occur. George discovers Lenny before different men do, yet amusingly George slaughters Lenny. George doesn't execute Lenny to dispose of him and not need to deal with him any longer, yet as method of helping him. Lenny’s mental state prevents him from separating directly from wrong and accordingly, Lenny remains in a difficult situation. Lenny doesn't fathom h is quality and doesn't have the foggiest idea how to contain it.

Man Who Mistook His Wife For Hat Essays - Metaphysics, Philosophy

Man Who Mistook His Wife For Hat Men should realize that from nothing else except for the mind come delights, joys, chuckling and sports, and distresses, pains wretchedness, and outcries. Furthermore, by this, in a particular way, we procure insight and information, and see and hear and comprehend what are foul and what are reasonable, what are awful and what are acceptable, what are sweet and what are unsavory......And by the equivalent organ we become distraught and insane, and fears and dread pounce upon us... All these things we suffer from the cerebrum when it isn't solid... In these manners I am of the supposition that the cerebrum practices the best force in the man. - Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease (fourth century B.C) It is human instinct to be inquisitive about how we see and hear; why a few things feel better and others hurt; how we move; how we reason, learn, recollect, and overlook; the nature of outrage and madness(Bear, Connors, Paradiso 3). This statement, found in my neuroscience reading material, fundamentally summarizes why we contemplate and expound on the cerebrum. The mind has been an oddity to man since the start of science. The genuine termneuroscience is as later as the 1970s, yet the investigation of the mind is as old as science itself. Advancing after some time, the order of neuroscience has experienced noteworthy changes to become what it is today. New discoveries, new revelations are continually changing what we know, or think we know, about the mind. It is in view of this, that I endeavor to talk about Oliver Sacks assortment of accounts. Alluding to himself as a doctor, Oliver Sacks has committed his whole life to examining the individual behind neurological shortfalls. His advantage lies not in the ailment itself, yet in addition in the individual the misery, tormented, battling, human subject- and he presents these individuals in short stories gathered in The Man who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Oliver composes these accounts to train the peruser about the personality of individuals who fall casualty to neurological sicknesses. He portrays the experience of the casualty as he/she battles to endure his/her sickness. It is this battle, this portrayal of persona that prompts the idea of nervous system science of identity(viii), which stirs the notable idea of the psyche and the cerebrum. In neuroscience's most punctual years, a nervous system specialist by the name of Descart talked about the idea that there was an administering body that existed outside of the physical mind. This senator, the brain, was believed to be a type of otherworldly marvels that worked with the physical cerebrum to control activities, interactional dualism. This idea of the psyche prompted various investigations in regards to its real presence. Perusing Oliver Sacks stories constrains me to accept that there could possibly be an outside power cooperating in some sort interactional dualism. The presence of a brain would bolster Sacks thought of character; that will be, that an individual character is planned through observations, our own recognitions. Oliver presents various stories where neurological issue have totally hindered a individual's physical capacity; the capacity to recollect, the capacity to grasp, the capacity to talk, hear. These patients, in any case, never lose their otherworldly capacity. Their capacity to celebrate, to show up profoundly satisfied, is never lost, it is just covered up. A case of this profound wonders is the situation of Jimmie, who had experienced amnesia, and couldn't recollect that anything for additional than two minutes, then again, actually which was thirty years of age. Jimmie had no progression, no reality. He lived in the eighties, yet his brain was in the thirties. Jimmie would emit into alarm assaults of disarray and doubt, as it were to overlook them a couple of moments later. After successive encounters with Dr. Sacks, in any case, Jimmie started to fine some progression, some reality, in what Sacks alludes to as the totality of profound consideration and act(38). Jimmies soul, paying little mind to the cerebrum deficiency, was rarely totally lost. His soul, which might just exist in his psyche, or outside of the physical cerebrum, permitted him to have impermanent real factors. Sacks expounds on neurological shortfalls and how individuals adapt to these sicknesses to permit us, the peruser, to experience into an obscure world. We, as typical individuals with no neurological malady, truly have no understanding of how wrecking these conditions can be to our life. Sacks, in any case, furnishes us with stories that cause us to value our working cerebrums. In this manner it is critical to keep expounding on the cerebrum and its riddles to educate the regular individual regarding the fiascos that sooner or later

3 tips for selecting a graduate program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

3 tips for selecting a graduate program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Interested in grad school but not sure where to start? Here  are  a few tips! Is the world getting better or are things staying the same? As thoughtful people who wrestle regularly with this question, we know that our professional and personal choices influence the answer. If you want to work for peace and justice, you need a pool of resources from which to draw. You need experience; you need a network; most importantly, you need to master the underlying principles of this interconnected world if you want to have a meaningful impact. A graduate degree in international affairs brings together these different pieces to provide a springboard to the future. It can allow you to use your training to launch a successful, change-making career in the public, private, or non-profit sector. The possibilities are limitless. College students have so many opportunities to choose from when it comes to life after undergrad; different paths exist for different needs and interests. While there is obviously no one right path for every student, a graduate degree could be a solid option. But where would your search for a graduate degree start? What programs provide the knowledge to combat the problems of our time? Here are three tips to get you started. 1. Plan for What’s Next By definition, choosing a professional degree program should be about what comes  after  you graduate: your profession. Selecting a graduate program should involve a discernment process. Look for job descriptions for which you aren’t qualified (yet) to find out what kind of degree and skills they require. Think about whether you prefer a flexible or highly structured program. Consider non-academic factors, such as internship opportunities and the cost of living in an urban, suburban, or rural setting. Understand your financial situation and the amount of (good) debt you can take on. 2. Go Beyond Websites Online information serves a useful purpose as you begin your search; it provides an overview of basic questions. However, there’s no substitute for conversations with faculty, mentors, and other contacts that focus on your personal needs. Direct conversations with admissions representatives in particular will not only help you determine whether you and a program are the right fit, but can also help you figure out how to address gaps in your experience and offer advice on financial aid. 3. Tell YOUR Story It’s easy to worry about who else might be applying, what their GPA was, and how well they did on the GREs. However, YOU have a distinct story to tell a story that sets you apart from other candidates. Describe in your essays what drives you to pursue this particular program at this particular time. Explain what life experiences you bring into the classroom that will help others better understand the topics at hand. Show how being a ONE campus organizer shaped your thinking about the world. Use honest and direct language to demonstrate your ability to think clearly and critically. Admissions committees want to know as much relevant information as possible  about you  to make the best decision for the institution and for you. Graduate school can be a tremendously rewarding experience. Finding the right program which meets your professional needs will help you change the world. Want to learn more? Join SIPA and the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) during our  Graduate School Recruitment Fairs across the globe this fall. See our recruitment schedule here. Article Reprinted With Permission By Carmen Iezzi Mezzera, Executive Director, Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (@apsiainfo), via Campus.One.Org.

Suitable legal framework - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1816 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? With particular reference to the case law of the European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance, critically assess to what extent the EC Treaty provisions on annulment actions (Article 230 EC) and on non-contractual liability (Articles 235 and 288 EC) provide a suitable legal framework for rendering the legislative activities of European Community institutions accountable to private individuals? Article 230 EC Article 230 EC provides that qualified persons may challenge the validity of Community acts before the European Courts. The act complained of may be declared void if such an action is successful. Under Article 230 of the Treaty the European Court of Justice is thus entitled to examine the actions of the EU institutions to determine their validity in the context of the acquis communautaire[1]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Suitable legal framework" essay for you Create order In partnership with Article 230, Article 232 EC stipulates that the Court may rule on the inactivity of the institutions in circumstances where they are under a legal duty to act.[2] Standing to sue or locus standi is determined in two classes: non-privileged applicants and privileged applicants. The class of privileged applicants includes the Member States, the European Commission and the European Council and as a result of the case Parliament v Council (Chernobyl),[3] the European Parliament and the European Central Bank where actions are initiated for the purpose of defending their prerogatives. Non-privileged applicants include all other natural and legal entities including private individuals. It is the standing of such private individuals that constitutes the focus of this paper and this class of litigant is therefore discussed in more detail below. The locus standi of private individuals As stated, EU citizens qualify as non-privileged applicants. Article 230 (4) defi nes the entitlement of non-privileged applicants: Any natural or legal person may, under the same conditions, institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. The conditions emphasised are set down in the first paragraph of Article 230 and are applicable to both classes of applicant. To be reviewable the act must be of an EC institution, deriving legal effects. The applicant must meet a two month deadline (which runs from publication of the measure or its notification to the applicant) and he must claim one of the grounds for annulment stipulated in paragraph two, namely: infringement of an essential procedural requirement, lack of competence, misuse of powers, infringement of the treaty or any rule relating to its application.[4] The aim and effect of Article 230(4) is to restrict the availability a ccess to judicial review in the European Court. Only measures which are individual or in which applicants have a strict personal interest are challengeable. Generally speaking, measures of general effect cannot typically be challenged by non-privileged applicants. In summary, Article 230 review proceedings can only be brought in the following situations: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1. Where a decision is formally addressed to the applicant; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2. Where a decision is addressed to third parties and the applicant asserts it is of direct and individual concern to him or her; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 3. Where a decision is in the form of a regulation and is of direct and individual concern to the applicant; Article 235 and 288(2) EC Articles 235 and 288(2) EC provide that where private individuals, companies or Member States sustain damage as a consequence of the fault of the European Community legal action for damages may be filed at the Court of First Instance (in the case of in dividuals and firms) or at the Court of Justice (in the case of Member States). The following conditions must be satisfied before an award of damages can be made: 1) There must be an unlawful act by a Community institution or by a member of its staff in the exercise of his functions; 2) Actual harm must have been suffered; 3) There must be a causal link between the act of the Community Institution and the damage sustained. The case of Edouard Dubois et Fils SA -v- Council[5] was decided under Articles 235 and 288(2). Here the applicant was a customs agent seeking damages for loss caused by completion of the single internal market. The applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business had been effectively destroyed by the policy and he claimed compensation on the basis of strict liability or fault in the alternative. In dismissing the applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application, the Court of First Instance ruled that the agreement to complete the Single Internal Market, which is e nshrined in the Single European Act as an agreement between Member States, could not sustain liability on the part of the European Community Article 288 EC provides that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the case of non-contractual liability, the Community shall, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States, make good any damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This rule applies under the same conditions to damage caused by the European Central Bank in the performance of its activities. In Schoppenstadt[6] the Court ruled that non-contractual liability of the Community pre-supposes, as a minimum, the unlawful nature of the act complained of. No non-contractual liability will arise concerning economic policy measures unless a sufficiently flagrant violation of a superior rule of law aimed at the protection of individuals has taken place. It is submitted that this construct incorporates such things as the general principles of equality and proportionality, however the concept of flagrant violation has been narrowly construed. In Bayersche HNL Vermehrungsbetriebe GMBH v Council[7] the Court found that no liability would be incurred unless the institution concerned had manifestly and gravely disregarded the limits on the exercise of its power and committed a serious and inexcusable breach. In JÃÆ' ©go-QuÃÆ' ©rÃÆ' © et Cie SA v. Commission of the European Communities[8], which concerned an application for annulment of a fisheries regulation, it was argued that the procedural route of an action for damages based on the non-contractual liability of the Community cannot yield a remedy that effectively safeguards the interests of the affected individual. It was said that such an action will not cause the deletion from Community law of a measure which is nevertheless necessarily deemed illegal. Given that it assumes that damage has been caused directly by the a pplication of the measure in question, such an action is subject to issues of substance and admissibility which differ from those determining actions for annulment, and does not therefore place the Community judicature in a position whereby it can carry out the comprehensive judicial review which it is its task to perform. Analysis It is true that individuals regularly make successful challenges to Commission decisions in the field of competition law.[9] Consten and Grundig v Commission[10] is one early example of the effectiveness of judicial review in that specific field. However, real problems arise where the decision challenged is addressed to another person (Plaumann[11] dictates that this includes Member States). As stated, a private individual can challenge a decision addressed to another party only where he or she is individually and directly concerned by the decision. This requires proof of more than a legal interest in the disputed measure.[12] Both the direct and individual elements must be met. A measure is treated as of direct concern if it affects the legal situation of the applicant directly and gives no discretion to the addressees of the measure given responsibility for implementation. Implementation must be the automatic consequence of Community rules without the need for the intervention of other intermediate rules: Bock v. Commission.[13] As to individual concern Plaumann was influential in determining the European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude and approach to judicial review. The Court found that if a private individual is to be considered to have the right to seek to annul a decision not addressed to them, he or she must show that they are individually concerned by proving that the decision: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other persons and by virtue of these factors distinguishes them individuallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[14]. The so-called Plaumann test has been employed in many subsequent cases. The test is clearly narrow and restrictive and extremely hard to satisfy in reality. Toepfer v. Commission[15] is one rare example of success. The applicant, a cereal importer, was deemed to be individually concerned only because the disputted decision was restricted to a specific group of importers of cereals, who had been refused an import license on a particular day. It was in cases involving agriculture and customs that the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s restrictive approach was crystallised and it is perhaps easy why it took such a strict line in those respective contexts. However, as the EU has extended the scope and range of its activities and jurisdiction, the approach of the European Courts has remained highly restrictive, ostensibly because the Court continues to apply the jurisprudence set down in its earlier authorities: see for example: Zunis Holdings S.A. v. Commission[16] and Associazione Agricoltori della Provincia di Rovigo et al. v. Commission (Po Delta)[17], Conclusion It is clear that the Treaty and the Courts have conspired to make it extremely difficult for private individuals to hold the European Community institutions accountable for their legislative activities. The availability of annulment actions (Article 230 EC) and actions for non-contractual liability (Articles 235 and 288 EC) has been highly restricted by the Treaty and by the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interpretation of it. This can come as no surprise and there are obvious policy concerns that mitigate against a situation in which open season could be declared on Community activities. However it is submitted that the case law is now too strict in both areas and that justice would be served by loosening the qualifications necessary to ground worthy applications. THE END WORD COUNT: 1768 (excluding footnotes) BIBLIOGRAPHY The Treaty of Rome (1957 as am ended) Protecting the Interests of Civil Society in Community Decision-Making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Limits of Article 230 EC, A Cygan, (2003) 52 International Comparative Law Quarterly 995-1012 Judicial Review of European Administrative Procedure, Jurgen Schwarz (2004) 68 Law Contemp. Probs. 85 Basic Community Cases, Rudden and Phelan, (1997) Oxford University Press Law of the European Community, Fairhurst, J., (2005) Longman Textbook on EC Law, Steiner and Woods, (2003) Blackstone Law of the European Union, Kent, P., (2001) Longman Law of the European Union, Shaw J., (2000) Palgrave Law Masters Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law, Tillotson and Foster, (2003) Cavendish 1 Footnotes [1] The total accumulated body of EU law. [2] Note also that Article 241 EC provides a mechanism for indirect review where a plea of illegality is made. [3] Case C-70/88. [4] See for comment: Protecting the Interests of Civil Society in Community Decision-Making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Limits of Article 230 EC, A Cygan, (2003) 52 International Comparative Law Quarterly 995-1012. [5] T-113/93. [6] Case 5/71. [7] 1978 ECR 1. [8] Case T-177/01. [9] Law of the European Union, Jo Shaw, (2000) Palgrave Law Masters, p.506, [10] Case 56 and 58/64. [11] Case 25/62. [12] See for comment: Judicial Review of European Administrative Procedure, Jurgen Schwarz (2004) 68 Law Contemp. Probs. 85. [13] Case 62/70. [14] Plaumann para.107. [15] Cases 106-107/63. [16] Case T-83/92. [17] Case T-117/94.

Why Animal Rights Activists Oppose Aquariums

Animal rights activists oppose aquariums for the same reason they oppose zoos. Fish and other sea creatures, like their land-dwelling relatives, are sentient and have a right to live free from human exploitation. In addition, there are concerns about the treatment of the animals in captivity, especially marine mammals. Aquariums and Animal Rights From an animal rights perspective, keeping animals in captivity for our own use is an infringement on that animals right to be free of human exploitation, regardless of how well the animals are treated. There are some people who doubt the sentience of fish and other sea creatures. This is an important issue because the rights of animals are based on sentience - the ability to suffer. But studies have shown that fish, crabs, and shrimp do feel pain. What about anemones, jellyfish and other animals with simpler nervous systems? While its debatable whether a jellyfish or anemone can suffer, it is clear that crabs, fish, penguins and marine mammals do feel pain, are sentient and are therefore deserving of rights. Some might argue that we should give jellyfish and anemones the benefit of the doubt because there is no compelling reason to keep them in captivity, but in a world where clearly intelligent, sentient beings such as dolphins, elephants and chimpanzees are kept in captivity for our amusement/education, the main challenge is convincing the public that sentience is the determining factor for whether a being has rights, and sentient beings should not be kept in zoos and aquariums. Aquariums and Animal Welfare The animal welfare position holds that humans have a right to use animals as long as the animals are treated well. However, even from an animal welfare viewpoint, aquariums are problematic. Animals in an aquarium are confined in relatively small tanks and can get bored and frustrated. In an effort to provide more natural environments for the animals, different species are often kept together, which lead to predatory animals attacking or eating their tank mates. Furthermore, the tanks are stocked either with captured animals or animals bred in captivity. Capturing animals in the wild is stressful, injurious and sometimes fatal; breeding in captivity is also a problem because those animals will live their entire lives in a tiny tank instead of a vast ocean. Special Concerns About Marine Mammals There are special concerns regarding marine mammals because they are so large and they so obviously suffer in captivity, regardless of any educational or entertainment value they may have for their captors. This is not to say that marine mammals suffer more in captivity than small fish, although that is possible, the suffering of marine mammals is more obvious to us. For example, according to the World Society for the Protection of Animals, a dolphin in the wild swims 40 miles per day, but US regulations require dolphin pens to be only 30 feet in length. A dolphin would have to circle his tank more than 3,500 times every day to simulate his natural range. Regarding killer whales in captivity, the Humane Society of the US explains: This unnatural situation can cause skin problems. In addition, in captive killer whales (orcas), it is the probable cause of dorsal fin collapse, as without the support of water, gravity pulls these tall appendages over as the whale matures. Collapsed fins are experienced by all captive male orcas and many captive female orcas, who were either captured as juveniles or who were born in captivity. However, they are observed in only about 1% of orcas in the wild. And in rare tragedies, captive marine mammals attack people, possibly as a result of post-traumatic stress syndrome after being captured from the wild. What About Rehabbing or Public Education? Some might point out the good work that aquariums do: rehabbing wildlife and educating the public about zoology and ocean ecology. While these programs are laudable and certainly not trivial, they cannot justify the suffering of the individuals in aquariums. If they operated as true sanctuaries for individual animals who cannot return to the wild, such as Winter, the dolphin with a prosthetic tail, there would be no ethical objections. What Laws Protect Animals in Aquariums? On the federal level, the federal Animal Welfare Act covers the warm-blooded animals in aquariums, such as marine mammals and penguins, but does not apply to fish and invertebrates - the vast majority of animals in an aquarium. The Marine Mammal Protection Act offers some protection for whales, dolphins, seals, walruses, sea lions, sea otters, polar bears, dugongs, and manatees, but does not prohibit keeping them in captivity. The Endangered Species Act covers endangered species that might be in an aquarium and applies to all types of animals, including marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. Animal cruelty statutes vary by state, and some states may offer some protection to the marine mammals, penguins, fish and other animals in aquariums. The information on this website is not legal advice and is not a substitute for legal advice. For legal advice, please consult an attorney.

The Most Admired Corporate Leaders in Malaysia Free Essays

The Most Admired Corporate Leaders in Malaysia Corporate leaders are shining examples of what individuals with sound management skills, dynamic leadership and vision could do in driving companies to become multimillion ringgit powerhouses. All of them have led their respective organizations to become symbols of Malaysian corporate success. Top 10 of Malaysia salutes these corporate greats in a survey that recognizes the top 10 leaders in the country today. We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Admired Corporate Leaders in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now These vibrant personalities are inspiring icons indeed and their beautiful success stories are exemplary of what great heights can be achieved when one dares to dream big. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr Tony Fernandes As the Group CEO of AirAsia Bhd, Tan Sri Tony is probably Malaysia’s most recognizable corporate figure with his trademark baseball cap. Tan Sri Tony began his career in the music industry with Warner Music. Soon he decided to leave the music industry to pursue his childhood dream of setting up Malaysia’s first low-cost airline. He mortgaged his house and pooled all his savings to acquire a failing government airline that had a fleet of only two ageing Boeing 737-300 planes and RM40 million worth of debt. The company soon grew from two planes in 2002 to a fleet of more than 86 aircraft flying more than 30 million people around the world. Tan Sri Tony’s vision in transforming an ailing airline company to become the world’s best low-cost carrier (awarded by Skytrax) is a testament to the Malaysia Boleh spirit. Tan Sri Dato’ Dr Robert Kuok Hock Nien Born on 6 October 1923 in Johor Bahru and educated at the prestigious Raffles Institution in Singapore, Tan Sri Dato’ Dr Kuok made his money in sugar, palm oil, shipping and property. Also known as the â€Å"Sugar King†, his Kuok Group boasts of a huge network of companies under three main holding companies in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. He also controls South China Morning Post, once the world’s most profitable daily newspaper. His biggest source of wealth is his stake in Wilmar, the world’s largest listed palm oil company. According to Forbes magazine in March 2011, Tan Sri Kuok’s assets are worth an incredible USD12. 5 billion, making him the richest man in Malaysia. Ananda Krishnan Ananda Krishnan began building his multimedia empire in the early 1990s and today he owns two major telecommunication companies – Maxis Communications and Astro All Asia Network – apart from having three communication satellites circumnavigating the earth. He also owns stakes in public listed Tanjong Public Limited Company, an investment holding company with subsidiaries in power generation, gaming, leisure and property. Krishnan has a Masters in Business Administration from Harvard University and is worth USD9. 5 billion (Forbes magazine, March 2011), making him the second richest man in Malaysia. Now a major philanthropist, Krishnan focuses on developing Malaysia’s talent pool by funding scholarships and school programs. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr Yeoh Tiong Lay He is the founder of YTL Corporation, Malaysia’s biggest and most successful conglomerate with businesses in construction, utilities, hotels, property development and technology. It is one of the largest companies listed on Bursa Malaysia with a combined market capitalization of about RM33. 5 billion (as at 31 July 2011). YTL Corporation became the first Asian non-Japanese company to be listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange since 1996. In January 2008, Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr Yeoh was conferred the prestigious Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon by the Emperor of Japan for his efforts in promoting bilateral relations between Malaysia and Japan. Tan Sri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun Born in 1952 in Batu Pahat, Johor, Tan Sri Vincent Tan is the Chairman of Berjaya Corporation Berhad. He is a businessman and entrepreneur with a suite of interests in property development and investment, gaming, stockbroking, manufacturing, trading, hospitality, internet-related businesses, utilities, media, telecommunications, insurance and education. According to Forbes 2010 Billionaire List, Tan Sri Vincent Tan’s assets are worth USD1. 2 billion. In February this year, he pledged to donate half of his wealth to charity, starting with RM20 million this year. This came about because of his decision to join â€Å"The Giving Pledge† that was initiated by Bill Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr Teh Hong Piow Founder of Public Bank, Tan Sri Teh is currently the Chairman of the Public Bank Group, apart from holding leadership positions in various organizations in Malaysia and Singapore. He began his banking career in 1950 as a bank clerk in Overseas-Chinese Banking Corporation Ltd. In 1960 he joined Malayan Banking Berhad as Manager and was promoted to General Manager at a relatively young age of 34. Tan Sri Teh then left Malayan Banking in 1966 to set up Public Bank. He has since then been the driving force behind the bank’s evolution into a modern and integrated financial powerhouse. Tan Sri Datuk Hj Mustapha Kamal Currently the Executive Chairman of MK Land Holdings Berhad, Tan Sri Datuk Mustapha is also co-founder of MK Land Group of Companies. The Group is noted for developing the Damansara Perdana township in Selangor. Tan Sri Mustapha graduated from University of Malaya and started his career in 1970 as an Assistant District Officer and later rose to become the Deputy Commissioner of Lands Mines for the Selangor State Government. It was his move to Shah Alam Properties Sdn Bhd as Managing Director that provided him with the opportunity to harness necessary skills and knowledge in property development. In 1983, Tan Sri Mustapha formed the EMKAY Group of Companies. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr Jeffrey Cheah An accountant by training, Tan Sri Jeffrey is the Founder and Chairman of the Sunway Group. The Group is one of the most widely diversified conglomerates in Malaysia with core businesses in education, healthcare, civil engineering and construction, property development and investment, and many more. It is known for its flagship development, the Sunway Integrated Resort City in Petaling Jaya. Tan Sri Jeffrey is passionately involved in governmental and non-governmental organizations. His passion to improve the lives of bright Malaysian students was inspired by English clergyman John Harvard who donated his entire library of books and half his wealth to an educational institution which is known today as the prestigious Harvard University. Tan Sri Azman Hashim Tan Sri Azman Hashim is a well-known corporate figure in Malaysia. He is the Chairman of the AmBank Group, a position he has held since 1982. His professional experience began in Perth, Australia in the 1950s when he was employed by Messrs O. L. Haines Co (Chartered Accountants). He then joined Bank Negara Malaysia and by 1964 he left to start his own accountancy practice. Then he joined Malayan Banking Berhad as its Executive Director. In 1980 he was appointed Chairman of Kwong Yik Bank Berhad and went on to become Chairman of the AmBank Group in 1982 till to date. Tan Sri Azman has a passion for golf and water sports like powerboats and scuba diving. He is blessed with two sons, three daughters and ten grandchildren. Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Liew Kee Sin Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Liew Kee Sin is the President and Chief Executive Officer of SP Setia Berhad, a public listed property developer. Under the leadership of Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Liew, the Group’s profit after tax rose by 163% and its dividend payout ratio grew 100%, all within a short span of five years between 2001 and 2006. Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Liew began his career with a local merchant bank in 1981 after graduating from University of Malaya with an Honours Degree in Economics. After five years in the banking industry, he decided to venture into property development and developed his first project called Bukit Indah in Ampang, Selangor. How to cite The Most Admired Corporate Leaders in Malaysia, Essays

Human Trafficking in the U.S.A free essay sample

Human trafficking is also called modern day slavery and is defined as holding someone illegally and against their will by form of deception and coercion and turning them into laborers and prostitutes without paying them. It is hard to believe that in the twenty first century, slavery still exists especially here at home and right under our noses. This has been an ongoing problem since the nineteenth century. A lot of people were trafficked into the United States and sold as slaves. Back then there were no laws that stated that it was illegal to traffic human beings and turn them into slaves. It all starts with a walk through the park in a remote part of Mexico. A young girl named Paloma is taking a stroll to get away from all the stressors in her life. Her mother is very ill and they cannot afford to get her better medical treatment because they are very poor. They live in a shack in Mexico and Paloma has endured a lot of abuse and struggle in her short life there. She was born into poverty and has withstood a lifetime of struggle and this has made her develop a hardy personality. She believes she can face the challenges and come out stronger and better in order to be able to get her family out of indigence. Paloma is approached by an older gentleman who presents himself as an outstanding, prominent businessman with a lot of businesses across Mexico and the United States. He promises her a great escape from the impoverished life she has led. He promises her an education and a job which will help her pay back the money she would owe him for getting her to America. The sixteen year old lady is smitten by the offer and accepts it without even thinking twice. All she can think about is getting her family a better life than what they have been living. Her prince charming has emerged from nowhere and has come to save her. Little does Paloma know that when they arrive to the United States she is going to be a victim of human trafficking rather than the educated secretary that she thought she would be. She ends up being held captive for six months in a dinky apartment in a place that she cannot recognize and forced to submit to the man’s demands and needs. Paloma ends up cooking, cleaning and being raped by her captor. He threatens her family with harm and takes all her documents in order to prevent her from escaping. Her prince charming has turned into a beast. During the turn of the century, human trafficking has become inhumane and a lot of people want to be free and live on their own means. Most of the captured slaves back in the day lived in their â€Å"masters† compounds and could not own anything or even have the right to vote. The creation of the 13th. Amendment which state that Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. , slavery has been formally abolished. The United States has created a law to prevent and protect the victims like the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 which was signed into law by President Bill Clinton. According to Dr. Potocky who is a specialist in refugee resettlement, human rights, international social work, and research methodology â€Å"TVPA focused on international trafficking, including reducing trafficking globally, providing assistance to immigrant victims of trafficking in the United States, and prosecuting traffickers† (Potocky 373). Human trafficking has been a major social injustice and the United States must do more to combat it because the laws are not being enforced properly, it is continuously increasing, and this is due to weak penalties. The TVPA was established in 2000 and was supposed to protect victims of human trafficking and it has yet to curb this crime. Also, statistics show that the number of victims has continuously increased since the mid-1990s and the number of convictions and arrests of traffickers has declined. There are thousands of people in this country who are still going through torture and abuse with no place to turn for help. Lack of enforcement. The TVPA has been amended four times in 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2011 but its application and adaptation has been a joke. To support this claim, research shows that the government is worried about messing the relationship with other countries if they put stricter laws to combat trafficking. The government does not want to put it as number one in their political agenda. As the author Feingold asserts â€Å"United States sanctions will likely be applied only against countries already subject to sanctions, such as Burma or North Korea† (Feingold 30). This shows that the United States government is scared to threaten countries like China or Saudi Arabia because they do not want to mess the political and economic relationship with them and are just willing to sanction the countries they do not get along with. The laws which are already in place like the TVPA are not strongly enforced making it easier for smugglers to get away with the crime. This is due to corrupt law officials, judges and prosecutors. Human trafficking is a high profit â€Å"13 billion dollar† organized crime industry according to a theological ethics professor, Tran. A lot of these criminals are rendering bribes to the officials and in return, they are getting their cases tossed out. So, instead of the police protecting and serving the victims as they are sworn in to do, they are associating with the traffickers and making money out of this crime. This kind of greed pushes way the victims and they get scared of approaching law enforcers to report this type of crime. The author Tran is surely right about the bribery because a lot of sources like Tran, Hodge and Kara have shown that a lot of trafficking crimes are being fuelled by corrupt people in politics and law enforcers. The victims are also scared for their lives because of constant threats and intimidation. Many victims believe that the police are corrupt individuals and are as scared of them as much as they are scared of their captors According to Hodge, an associate professor in the School of Social Work at Arizona State University and who has also written widely on social justice, cultural diversity, and social inclusion, â€Å"Another way to help protect women and children is to advocate for stricter penalties for traffickers and consistent enforcement of existing laws† (Hodge 15). He asserts that in order to stop the act of human trafficking in the United States, the laws put forth need to be taken seriously and strongly enforced. Until this is done, the victims are going to keep on suffering in the hands of their captors without much or any help. To counter this argument, some research claims that the united states has thoroughly enforced the laws set forth to combat human trafficking. When it comes to human trafficking, the United States needs to amend stricter laws to combat it. This is because human trafficking has been on a steady rise since the 1990s until now. Although this is true that organized crimes are involved in human trafficking, it is nevertheless also true that it mostly involves simple, next door, disorganized criminals. According to Feingold who is a director of the Ophidian Research Institute and international coordinator for HIV/AIDS â€Å"there is no standard profile on traffickers. They range from truck drivers and village â€Å"aunties† to labor brokers and police officers. † (Feingold 28). The author’s theory is useful because it sheds light on the fact that anyone can be a trafficker without being involved in a big gang. There are many people like the man who charmed Paloma who are regular people with smooth antics to lure people. Paloma was not kidnapped; she agreed to leave with the man voluntarily in hopes of bettering herself. Family members from destitute families also sell their children and spouses in order to get dowry to survive on. Feingold concedes that organized crime bosses like the late Pablo Escobar are not easy to find. Even if they are involved in human trafficking, they are most likely to be purchasers than transporters. There are a lot of factors that provide a breeding ground for traffickers by taking advantage of the desperate people. According to Kara who is an author, activist and one of the worlds foremost experts on modern day slavery and human trafficking, economic instability, lawlessness, corruption, war and poverty keep on promoting human trafficking. The people are prone to be victims because they are willing to listen to the criminals in hopes of having a better life but at the end they end up falling victims of modern slavery. On the other hand, the author Hughes who is a leading international researcher on human trafficking maintains that â€Å"prosecution declined in the 1990s even as exploitation of women and children on the internet has increased† (Hughes 121). This goes to show that Kara and Hughes both agree that human trafficking has been on the increase in the last decade and a half. To further support this claim, research on human trafficking has been done by some researchers but my best evidence comes from The Journal of International Migration. Authors Gozdziak and Collett are well known researchers who have reviewed existing literature on this topic and come up with startling facts about it. The article claims that â€Å"there are a number of slippery statistics going on and they are all from the U. S State Department† (Gozdziak et al 108). For years the government has been producing quoted estimates of the number of trafficked victims but they are not revealing the methods used to get the data. The numbers have been revised three times between the years of 1999 to 2003 and there is a significant difference in numbers. The surprising fact is that a lot of agencies both local and international are using this statistics instead of conducting their own independent research. Every time the Department of State gets questioned about the differences in numbers, they just say that it is improved methodology which is creating the differences without giving the exact way they come up with it. In the review done by Gozdiak and Collett â€Å"the number of trafficking victims entering the United States has been revised at least three times: down from 45,000 to 50,000, a figure reached by the†¦.. (CIA) in 1999, to 18,000 to 20,000 victims reported in 2003, and even further down to 14,500 to 17,500† (Gozdziak et al 108). This goes to show that the government itself is not sure about its faulty statistics and research is also not backing them. In support of this claim, more research needs to be conducted to find out where the government gets their information. This is because most of the sources that are being used in this paper do agree that the figures 14,500 to 17,500 victims in the United States are basically unaccounted for. The author Potocky agrees that the methodology used by the State Department has not been detailed and that the estimates simply disappear from the department’s annual report. None of the other sources have come forward and supported Gozdziak, Collett and Potocky’s claim that the data is incorrect and messy. Also the United States tends to concentrate more in protecting their borders than stopping prostitution and trafficking. They are more concerned with illegal immigrants getting their way into the country and amending stricter U. S immigration policies. While this is a good way to protect the country, the United States is not taking into consideration the fact that this is encouraging human trafficking. According to Tran â€Å"Unfortunately, this focus on security works to the benefit of organized traffickers† (Tran 3). By focusing on homeland security, the government overlooks the deeper issue of trafficking because the illegal immigrants end up putting themselves in the hands of smugglers and end up being snuck into the country and ending up as victims of trafficking. Those unfamiliar with human trafficking may be interested to know that it basically boils down to the counterargument of whether the United States has enough resources to combat human resources. The truth is that the United States claims that it does not have enough financial resources to combat this type of crime. According to the Department of State website â€Å"Through targeted foreign assistance, the TIP Office funds programs that address human trafficking, the act of obtaining or maintaining another person in compelled service. † (Baca). The state has been looking for grants from other nations to help combat trafficking. When the grants are allocated, they hold a grant competition and different organizations compete for the money with the exception of for profit organizations. The organizations have asked for a total of 95 million dollars in funds but the state budget is only 750,000 dollars. With this kind of figures, how do we expect the United States to combat human trafficking? Another problem is the fact that the United States only convicts a small percentage of traffickers compared to the huge amount of victims here. Potocky agrees when she writes that â€Å"When U. S attorneys decide to prosecute a†¦. case, the conviction rate is very high: 96%. However, U. S attorneys decline to prosecute app†¦60% of†¦cases† (Potocky 375). She also asserts that â€Å"between 2001 and 2007, there were 449 federal prosecutions and 342 of them were human trafficking convictions. † With this trend going on, the only conclusion is that there is a big problem with prosecution of the traffickers. Feingold supports Potocky’s claim by stating that from the year 2001 to the year 2003, â€Å"110 traffickers were prosecuted but only 77 pled guilty or were convicted. † The reason that the trafficking convictions are so scarce also lies with the mindsets of the victims. According to Hodge, â€Å"the victims are scared to testify against the attackers because most of the traffickers get out of jail soon after their arrest. † Author Davis who has been involved in the fight to end modern day slavery since 2003 when he became the Goodwill Ambassador for the organization Face to Face Bulgaria claims that traffickers are also very hard to track since they move their victims from one place to another.. Paloma on the other hand is a very lucky girl because she managed to escape her captor and is now in witness protection and lives here in America, fighting to rescue victims of human trafficking. Not everyone has the chance to escape alive because if they are caught, death is the only choice they have. The United States needs to come up with other solutions to combat this heinous crime and some people have suggested legalizing prostitution. Some countries like Netherlands have legalized adult prostitution and the results have been a significant increase in child prostitution according to Hodge. The State Department agrees when they write that, Where prostitution is legalized or tolerated, there is a greater demand for human trafficking victims and nearly always an increase in the number of women and children trafficked into commercial sex slavery. † (Feingold 28). So this is not a solution to the problem but just adding fuel to the fire. Sweden has the â€Å"Swedish Model’ which is a law that was put forth to combat trafficking. The law criminalizes the customers who buy sex instead of the prostitutes while in Thailand, they opt to extend labor and social security laws to the sex workers. Both countries have a large group that opposes and assert that these kind of laws will increase trafficking and criminals. The United States does criminalize people who sleep with prostitutes and also arrest any party involved in the act including the prostitutes themselves. Make human trafficking zero tolerance to where anyone caught trafficking or helping someone who is a trafficker is put away for good or handed hard labor. Educate the social workers and law enforcement officials on how to better detect victims of human trafficking. This is because there are a lot of victims who are being arrested and deported back to their prospective countries because they are mistaken for just illegal immigrants. These victims are not given a chance to explain themselves because this is a very judgmental country and just your accent can make anyone suspicious. How many times have people been discriminated against because they looked different and talked different? We all live in a world which is unjust and unequal. People are just marred by greed and end up forgetting the morals they were taught when young. The government is too busy with bad politics and covering their tracks instead of protecting its people, the laws of our country are becoming an abomination because of lack of enforcement. Young innocent girls like Paloma, people’s mothers, husbands, and children are being tortured and abused all in the name of making money. It is up to our country to establish better laws and enforce them strongly in order to end human trafficking. The government needs to make the laws so tough to the point where no one would want to break them. Instead of giving traffickers a year or five in prison, give them a lifetime sentence because they are denying other humans a right to freedom. Let everyone put themselves in Paloma’s shoes and think of what she went through. It is not only the government which should take steps to stop this atrocity but for all the citizens of this nation. Educate each other about the morals of society by holding informational meetings and inviting victims and task force members to speak at schools and other functions. Look out for the people who work around you and learn to identify a victim from how they behave. The victims can be the workers in the strip clubs you frequent, or a maid in a friend’s house or a dish washer in your favorite diner. Also, look out for those false front agencies, massage parlors and brothels which are set up to lure victims. With the community helping to combat human trafficking, the government should have the sense to amend stricter laws to end trafficking and put forth enough money to help the agencies which are working hard to end it. Let the modern day slavery come to an end before you fall victim of it yourself, it is a small world and what goes around, simply comes back around. You might escape it but what about your children. No one wants slavery to be legal again, so why should human trafficking be condoned?

Research Paper Digestive System Essay Example

Research Paper: Digestive System Essay There are multiple biological processes that the human body performs continuously in order to sustain itself. Functions are classified into systems according to their purpose. It is important to understand that all biological processes are highly interrelated, meaning that if one aspect of one system is malfunctioning, the effects sprawl far beyond the location of the function. This is perhaps why symptoms must be traced incredibly thoroughly to judge what the original cause of the malfunction is. The digestive system is one that includes the functions of consumption, digestion, absorption and expulsion of wastes. The organs involved start at the oral cavity and stretches through the body, ending at the anal cavity. Surrounding systems such as the circulatory, respiratory, and immune and nervous systems all work in corporation to execute all the tasks necessary. Naturally, with such a number of complex functions, in combination with various destructive qualities, such as bacteria, viruses, environmental threats, as well as genetic make-up, malfunctions are bound to occur.In some cases, the effects may be treated leaving no permanent damage; however some situation may result is irreversible damage that may be fatal. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most common signs that the digestion process is unwell are symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. While this is considered a non serious occurrence, it could be a clue that there is a far more serious problem within the system that requires attention. This may include such conditions as an Irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer or even cancer. Typically the more persistent the symptoms, the more neglected the warnings are, the more serious the situation becomes. The flowing is a more detailed look at the components, purpose and function of the digestive system, as well as several common digestive problems such as gastric bleeding, pain, constipation and diarrhea. Also a brief look at disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcers. The disorders are considered on the bases of the symptoms, causes and possible treatments. The Digestive System The purpose and reason behind the digestion process is to help break down the food and beverages that are consumed into small molecules in order for the necessary nutrients to be absorbed and utilized by the body. The way the body achieves this is by allowing the gut to physically and chemically alter the ingested nourishment and dispose of the not required wastes. This nourishment is then transformed into vital energy that helps maintain and build the cells that are necessary in the body. Process of the Digestive System The overall digestive process involves a mixture of food and drink with the digestive juices. The food is then broken down into small molecules through chewing and the digestive juices and finishes in the small intestine. The movement of the food down along the process is referred to as peristalsis. This resembles and ocean wave traveling though the muscle. Once food is swallowed an involuntary process begins which is controlled by the nerves. The swallowed food is propelled into the esophagus, which connect the mouth and throat to the stomach. At the point where the esophageal sphincter which is a ring of muscle that closes the passage between the two organs. As food approaches this point, the sphincter relaxes and allows food to enter the digestive track. The liver and the pancreas are digestive organs that also contribute to this process through producing digestive juices that reach the small intestine though small tubes called ducts. The digesting system is also very intertwined with other biological process, for instance the nervous system as well as the circulatory system directly impact the digestive process. Mouth The mouth is the preliminary organ that begins the digestion process. Within the mouth several functions are preformed in order to prepare the contents for the remainder of the process. The mouth or what is biologically referred to as the oral cavity comprises of lips (labia), teeth, cheeks, hard and soft pallet which are located at the forward and latter roof of the mouth. There is also a muscular tongue which is attached to the floor of the mouth by what is called a frenulum. Moreover the oral cavity is connected to the nasal cavity, allowing this function to also participate in the process. The throat is guarded by a ring of palatine or lingual tonsils. The process that the contents go through begins with the biting process. The initiates the braking down process into suitable size portions in order to better fit in the oral cavity. This process is helped by the muscular work of the jaw, tongue as well as the soluble nature of the saliva that is produced. The prepared contents are swallowed and this completes the voluntary process of ingestion. Swallowing Swallowing is a delicate process that insures that the primarily broken down contents begin to move towards the further brake down process. This however has to first pass the delicate respiratory track which is also found in the oral cavity. This is done through a complex working of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus. The first stage of this process in voluntary as the tongue pushes the contents down the pharynx. This is followed by a reflexive process of the tongue blocking the mouth, soft palate closes off the nasal cavity and the larynx rises so that the epiglottis closes off the trachea. The contents are then moved onwards to pharynx by the peristalsis as well as gravity. Esophagus The esophagus is the first muscular tube in that is 25-30 cm in length. It purposes is to transfer the contents from the pharynx (the throat) to the stomach. There are basic layers which include the following; mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular is external and the serosal fluid. The Mucosa is innermost moist lining combined with a connective tissue and smooth muscle, that moistens the contents and begins the movement downwards. The sub mucosa is a combination of a soft connective tissue layer, blood vessels, nerves as well as lymphatic’s. The muscle external is responsible for the movement of the gut. Typically there are two layers of the smooth muscle, the circular inner layer, and the outer longitudinal The Stomach The stomach has three mechanical tasks; to store, mix and expel the contents that enter. The storing takes place in the upper part, as the sphincter opens and allows the entrance of the contents, the middle part then uses special muscles in order to mix the contents with the digestive juices, containing special enzymes, and the finial emptying of the contents into the small intestine. Certain factors play a role in the emptying process including the various kind of food that are consumed as well as the muscle capability that is required. Carbohydrates for instance, spend the least of time in the stomach, while proteins remain longer in the stomach and fats remain in the stomach the longest of all. Finally as the juices do their job in braking down the contents into small enough molecules, the absorption of nutrient occurs though the intestinal walls and the contents are transported and lowered down into the large intestine where they are then extracted through the anus in the form of bowel movements. Small Intestine The small intestine consists of three parts. The first part is the Duodenum which is roughly 26 cm in lengths. This is the first descending part where the contents proceed from the stomach. Within this part, the breakdown process continues before the contents proceed to the Jejunum, 2,5 meters in length and further to the ileum which is 3.5 meters in length. The small intestine is very crucial to the digestive process. The lining of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of the contents. This is done by creases and villi located on the surface area. The movements or these villie propel the movement through the lining into the blood stream. Therefore the absorption of digested foods is done though this rich venous and capillary drainage of the gut. Towards the end of the small intestine, accumulations of lymphoid tissue are common. The process involved that undigested food to remain in the system for duration of time and it is important to note that this content is rich in bacteria. Large Intestine (Colon) The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. It is roughly 1.5 meters in lengths and stretches from the right liliac region or the pelvis, up across the middle abdomen and end at the anus. The main function the large intestine is the absorption of the remaining extra liquids. The Anus has voluntary and involuntary sphincter and ability to distinguish whether contents are gas or solid. No villi in large intestine, but many goblet cells secreting lubricities mucus. Production of Juices The first contact of food with the digestive glands occurs in the mouth and the salivary glands produce saliva which is the moisture in the mouth that helps with the initial breakdown of the food. This silica contains certain enzymes that help in the brake down and digestion process. An enzyme is a substance that works to speed up the chemical reactions that occur in the body. The stomach lining in the next place where there are glands located that continue this process. This particular gland, produce stomach acid, and an enzyme that have the ability to break down protein. The stomach being a will throughout organs also has a lining which protect itself from the braking apart nature of the enzyme which is contains. This lining is refuted to as mucosa, and it is able to withstand the acidity of this fluid. Once the role of the stomach is complete and the contents are lowered into the small intestine, the pancreas and liver produce a wide range of enzymes that aim braking down of carbo hydrates, fats and proteins that was contained in the food consumed. There are also glands that are produces by the walls of the intestines. The liver produces another digestive fluid which is called the bile. Between meals this bile is stores in the gall bladder. During mealtimes, these substance travelers through ducks into the intestine to mix with the fats that is consumed, and transformed into a watery substance. This is then further broken down by enzymes produced by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Nutrients Most of the nutrients that are consumed whether through food, beverages or supplements are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. The mucosa which is in the small intestine possesses many folds that are covered by villi, fingerlike projections. The villi are also covered by micro villi for it is this structure that allows a large surface area to be created though which nutrients can then be absorbed. From this stage, specialized cells allow the nutrient to enter the blood stream where they are carried to other parts for storage of additional chemical processes. Carbohydrates It is suggested that 45 to 65 % of recommended daily calories should be in the form of carbohydrates. Foods that are classifies as carbohydrates include breads, pasta, potatoes, peas, rice, fruits and vegetable. Starch and fiber are also contained in many of these foods. Starch digestion includes braking into maltose. The enzyme in the small intestinal lining breaks this maltose into glucose which is carried through the blood stream to the liver. There it is stored to later provide energy for the body. Sugars are digested in one step, by fist braking down in to glucose and fructose, while foods like milk contain another form of sugar which is call lactose which required a different braking down structure. Fiber is indigestible and moves through the the digestion track without being broken down by enzymes. There are two types of fiber that could be found in food, soluble and insoluble. As the term suggest soluble fiber had a characteristic to become soft and jelly like substance which in contact with water. While the insoluble fiber especial is unchangeable though the digestion process. Protein Proteins are used to build and repair the tissues of the body. In order for them to perform their duty, they also must be broken down into small molecules. Foods that are high in protein include meat, eggs, and beans. The way in which this process begins as enzymes in the stomach juices, pancreating enzymes, brake down the protean molecules into amino acids. As before these amino acids are carried through the blood stream the location that require them. Fats/lipids Rich source of energy for the body. Fats are first dissolved in the watery substance that is located in the intestine. The bile acids that are produces in the liver, stored in the gall balder work to dissolve the fats into smaller fragment that are then further broken down by the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Some of these parts are classifies as fatty acids and cholesterol. The role of the bile is to attach itself to the fatty acids and chelostoroal and aid these cells to more into the mucosa. There these cells become large again and mostly pass into vessel called lymphatic located near the intestine. These are then carries to parts of the body where they can be stored as storage. Vitamins Vitamins are an essential part of the absorption that also occurs though the small intestines, Vitamins are classifies in in two groups, water soluble and fat soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include all the B and C while the fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. The fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body, while all water soluble vitamins are not easily stored and frequently flushed through the urine. Hormone Regulators There are several hormones that play an integral role in digestion. These function to induce production of particular acids and fluids that are requires. Certain organs such as the gall bladder are controlled by hormones. Some of the most prominent hormones for this process are gastric, secreting and cholecystokinin CCK. Gastric This particular hormone causes the stomach to produce that aid in the digestion and dissolving of certain foods. Additionally this hormone is necessary for normal cell production in the lining of the stomach, small intestine as well as the colon. Seretin This hormone is responsible for the production of the necessary digestive juices in the pancreas containing bicarbonate. The component caries the duty of neutralizing the acidic nature of the stomach as the contents are moved along into the small intestine. The production of Pepsin is also stimulated by seretin. This function is important for the digestion of protein as well as aids the liver in the production of bile. CCK The main role of CCK is to help produce enzyme in the pancreas as well as causes the gall bladder to empty when it is required. Normal cell production in the pancreas is also governed by this hormone. There are also addition hormones that govern aspects such as the appetite. Ghrelin When the stomach is empty, this hormone work in the stomach as well as upper intestine in order to stimulate appetite and encourage consumption of food. Peptide YY Carries a vice versa effect which notifies the brain that the stomach is full and arrests the appetite Other hormones have be allocated to impacting appetite include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GPL-1), oxyntomodulin(+5), and pancreatic polypeptide. Nerve Regulators There are two classified aids in the control of the digestive process. The extrinsic, outside influence which includes the nerves from coming from the brain or the spinal cord. The chemical released throughout this process include acetylcholine and adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes activity in the digestion causing the contents to move through the system. Adrenaline on the other hand relaxes the muscles involved in the process affectively slowing down and even stopping the digestion the process. As for the intrinsic, or inside nerve that impact the digestion process, this includes a very dense network integrated in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. These nerves are activated in cases where the walls are stretched when they are full, or when the organ become too hollow. Depending on the situation various substances are released in order to speed of slow down the process. Disorders Due to the complexity of the digestion process, there are various amounts of process that can be susceptible to problematic activity. This may occur due to genetics, poor nutrition as well as many other reasons. When troubles occur with this digestion process, there are various conditions that are classifies as disorders. Each disorder jeopardizes the functionality of the aspect which it targets and negatively impacts the well being of the individual that it involves. If these conditions are not addressed early on, the effect could be quite devastating. Symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, bleeding from the digestive tract, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing, usually suggest a digestive disorder. More general symptoms, such as abdominal pain, flatulence, loss of appetite, and nausea, may suggest a digestive disorder but also may suggest another type of disorder. Indigestion is a label that is used imprecisely by different people to mean different things. The term covers a wide range of symptoms, including dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, regurgitation, and the sensation of having a lump in the throat. Functions that involve the Bowel or intestine vary greatly not only from one person to another but also for any one person at different times. In most cases, the easiest time to move their bowels in the morning, typically 30 to 60 minutes after first eating in the morning. However such functions are strongly affected by factors such as diet, stress, drugs, disease, and even social and cultural patterns. In most Western societies, the normal number of bowel movements ranges from 2 or 3 a week to as many as 2 or 3 a day. Changes in the frequency, consistency, or volume of bowel movements or the presence of blood, mucus, pus, or excess fatty material (oil or grease) in the stool may indicate a disorder. ABDOMINAL PAIN While the feeling of abdominal discomfort and pain is very common and in many cases, minor, more extreme cases of this symptom may suggest significant problem and lead to surgical interference. Pain in the abdominal area is frequently an issue for the young, the hold, those who suffer from immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or those with weakened and or suppressed immune systems. Causes There are multiple reasons for Abdominal pain, including infection, inflammation, sores such as ulcers, rupturing of organs, muscle contractions that are uncoordinated or blocked by an obstruction, and blockage of blood flow to organs. There are several cases where disorders may be life threatening and require immediate surgery. Such cases may include a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, perforated stomach or intestine, blockage of blood flow to the intestine (mesenteric ischemia), and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Disorders that are also serious and nearly as urgent include intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, and acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Peritonitis is pain caused by inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum), which occurs with many disorders that result in inflammation or infection of abdominal organs or leakage of intestinal contents into the abdomen, such as a perforated ulcer. Sometimes, disorders or functions outside the abdomen are the causes for the abdomen to produce pain. Conditions include heart attack, pneumonia, and twisting of the testicles testicular torsion. Other problems that cause abdominal pain include diabetic ketoacidosis, porphyries, sickle cell disease, and certain bites and poisons, heavy metal or methanol poisoning, and some scorpion stings. The location of the pain can be a very good indicator of the cause of the pain. Pain that is associated with an organ that is blocked, gallstones, kidney stones, or intestinal obstruction typically comes and goes in waves. Likewise pain produced by a peptic ulcer is often characterized as burning while Pain that accompanies diverticulitis is often limited to the lower left abdomen, whereas the pain of peritonitis is frequently felt throughout the abdomen. Pancreatitis often produces pain that is worsened by rolling over in bed and is relieved somewhat by sitting upright and leaning forward. Medical tests are preformed to help choose among several different causes suggested by the person’s symptoms and physical examination results. An abdominal CT scan helps identify many, but not all, causes of abdominal pain. Blood and urine tests are frequently obtained. An ultrasound is helpful if gynecologic disorders are suspected. Treatment Abdominal pain is most frequently treated with pain medication, however in some case, in order to accurately pin down the specific cause, medical professionals believed that pain medication has the possibility to The specific cause of the pain is treated. Through much research and recent development, patients have pain control methods during diagnoses and treatment. BLEEDING FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT When blood appears in the stool of vomit, its origin could be anywhere through the digestive track from the mouth to the anus. The color of the blood indicates whether the bleeding was recent or if it has already subsided. The condition where blood, red or black is visible in vomit is called hematemesis. When blood is vomited, it may be bright red if bleeding is brisk and ongoing. Alternatively, vomited blood may have the appearance of coffee grounds if bleeding has slowed or stopped, due to the partial digestion of the blood by acid in the stomach. Anal bleeding has two forms; hematochezia if stool is bright red, or Melena, if the stool is blackened. Melena is more likely when bleeding comes from the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. The black color of melena is caused by blood that has been exposed for several hours to stomach acid and enzymes and to bacteria that normally reside in the large intestine. Hematochezia is more likely when bleeding comes from the large intestine, although it can be caused by very rapid bleeding from the upper portions of the digestive tract as well. Symptoms of sudden loss of blood may include a rapid pulse, low blood pressure, and reduced urine flow as well as cold, clammy hands and feet. Extreme cases of bleeding may lead to reduced flow of blood to the brain, causing confusion, disorientation, sleepiness, and even extremely low blood pressure. Slow, chronic blood loss may cause symptoms and signs of anemia such as weakness, easy fatigue, pallor, chest pain, and dizziness. Causes Bleeding may occur due to several reasons such as peptic ulcers, arteriovenous malformations, and dilated veins in the esophagus, irritation from use of certain drugs, such as aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as cancer. Chronic liver disease or hereditary clotting are condition under which bleeding is more likely. Medications that can cause bleeding include anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin and those that affect platelet function such as aspirin. Evaluation Element such as location, duration and the actual cause are investigated when such conditions are reported. The physical examination in such cases includes a digital rectal examination to feel for masses. An analysis of stool is done to detect if blood is present in the stool as this sometimes suggest a cause and location as well as clue to what other testing should be done.When blood in vomit is reported, a procedure called nasogastric is done, where a small hollow plastic tube is passed through the nasal passage. Through this tube the contents of the stomach are extracted. Blood in the contents of a red color suggest current bleeding which blacked masses suggest past occurrences of bleeding. The nasogastric tube is usually left in place until it is clear that all bleeding has stopped. If the nasogastric tube reveals signs of active bleeding, or the person’s symptoms strongly suggest the bleeding is originating in the upper digestive tract, the doctor usually performs upper e ndoscopy. Upper endoscopy is a visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum) using a flexible tube called an endoscope. An upper endoscopy allows for the source of the bleeding to be identified, and often treat it. Similarly, colonoscopy is performed if symptoms suggest the bleeding is originating in the lower digestive tract, or if upper endoscopy does not reveal a bleeding site. There are cases where such exams still fail to uncover the cause of bleeding. For such people, if bleeding is severe, angiography is preformed where the patient is injected with red blood cells labeled with a radioactive marker. With the use of a special scanning camera, the radioactive marker can sometimes show the approximate location of the bleeding. If bleeding is slow, doctors may instead take x-rays after the person drinks liquid barium. Another option is capsule which is especially useful in the small intestine, but it is not very useful in either the colon or stomach, because these organs are too big to get good pictures of their inner lining. Blood tests are useful by seeing the person’s blood count to see how much blood has been lost. A low platelet count is a risk factor for bleeding. Other blood tests include prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and tests of liver function, which help detect problems with blood clotting. Treatment Those who suffer with sudden, severe blood loss require intravenous fluids and sometimes an emergency blood transfusion to stabilize their condition. Those with blood clotting abnormalities may require transfusion of platelets or fresh frozen plasma or injections of vitamin K. In most situation, gastrointestinal bleeding stops in its own. However in those cases where it required intervention, during the endoscopic procedure an electrocautery device, injections laser all can be used to aid the situation. If all treatment options do not help, surgery should be considered. CHEST OR BACK PAIN Pain and discomfort in the chest and back area could also be an indicator of a malfunction within the digestive process. Some symptoms are very close to those of heart problems. The middle of the chest or upper back can result from disorders of the esophagus or from disorders of the heart or aorta. Symptoms may be similar. Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), caused by stomach acid splashing up into the esophagus, can produce a burning sensation or a tightness under the breastbone (sternum), which may resemble those of heart disease. Spasms of the esophagus and other esophageal muscle disorders can cause a severe squeezing sensation also resembling the pain of heart disease. Other symptoms may suggest that there is esophageal disorder. What is referred to as heartburn is in fact a splashing of acid into chest, neck and sometime throat, typically following meals. Esophageal disorders are noticed by a difficulty in swallowing. If there is an exertion problem, this is most likely as sociated with problem of the heart. If there are systems suggesting heart troubles, test to identify those are done first and digestive test could be exhaustive. Treatments are specific to cause and only administered when the cause is identified with certainty. Diarrhea Diarrhea is characterized as an increase in the amount, wateriness and frequency. While the desire to have a bowel movement often is not considered to be diarrhea as it is normal to move bowels 3 to 5 times a day. People who eat large amounts of vegetable fiber may produce more than a pound of stool a day, but the stool in such cases is well formed and not watery. Diarrhea occurs when not enough water is removed from the stool, making the stool loose and poorly formed. Typically this condition is accompanied by gas, cramping, an urgency to defecate, and, if the diarrhea is caused by an infectious organism or a toxic substance, nausea and vomiting could be involved. As the loss of this liquid occurs, dehydration and a loss of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate from the blood are common results of diarrhea. If large amounts of fluid and electrolytes are lost, the person feels weak, and blood pressure can drop enough to cause fainting, heart rhythm abnormalities and other serious disorders. Those who are young, old or those who are disabled are especially prone to this. Causes Normally consistency of stool is 60% to 90% water. When this is exceeded, that is classified as Diarrhea. This occurs due to the fact that the process happens too quickly not allowing the fluids to be properly absorbed. The causes of such a condition vary greatly. These include drugs and chemicals, infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain food, stress, tumors, chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and mal-absorption syndromes. Rapid passage (transit) of stool is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. Stool must remain in the large intestine for a certain amount of time in order to have normal consistency. Stool that leaves the large intestine too quickly is watery. Many medical conditions and treatments can decrease the amount of time that stool stays in the large intestine, including an overactive thyroid, drugs such as antacids containing magnesium, laxatives, prostaglandins, serotonin, and even caffeine. Many foods, especially those that are acidic, can increase the rate of transit. Some people are intolerant of specific foods and always develop diarrhea after eating them. Stress and anxiety are also common causes. Osmotic diarrhea occurs when substances remain in the colon due to the fact that they cannot be absorbed. These substances cause excessive amounts of water to remain in the stool, leading to diarrhea. Certain foods such as fruits and beans can cause osmotic diarrhea. Also, lactase deficiency can lead to osmotic diarrhea. Lactase is an enzyme normally found in the small intestine that converts lactose to glucose and galactose, so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. When people with lactase deficiency drink milk or eat dairy products, lactose is not digested. As lactose accumulates in the intestine, it causes osmotic diarrhea—a condition known as lactose intolerance. The severity of osmotic diarrhea depends on how much of the osmotic substance is consumed. Diarrhea stops soon after the person stops eating or drinking the substance. Blood in the digestive tract also acts as an osmotic agent and results in black, tarry stools. Another cause of osmotic diarrhea is an over growth of normal intestinal bacteria or the growth of bacteria normally not found in the intestines. Antibiotics can cause osmotic diarrhea by destroying the normal intestinal bacteria. Secretory diarrhea occurs when the small and large intestines secrete salts, especially sodium chloride, and water into the stool. Certain toxins, such as the toxin produced by a cholera infection or during some viral infections, can cause these secretions. Infections by certain bacteria and parasites can also stimulate secretions. The diarrhea can be massive, more than a quart of stool an hour in cholera. Other substances that cause salt and water secretion include certain laxatives, such as castor oil, and bile acids, which may build up after surgery to remove part of the small intestine. Certain rare tumors, such as characinoid, gastrinoma, and vipoma are also able to cause secretory diarrhea. Inflammatory diarrhea happens due to the inflammation, ulceration, engorging of the lining of the large intestine. This releases proteins, blood, mucus, and other fluids, which increase the bulk and fluid content of the stool. This type of diarrhea can be caused by many diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, tuberculosis, and cancers such as lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. When the lining of the rectum is affected, the person often feels an urgent need to move his bowels and has frequent bowel movements because the inflamed rectum is more sensitive to expansion by stool.Treatment CONSTIPATION This condition is known as the inability to have a bowel movement less than three times a week. The stool is hard, difficult and painful to pass, and very small in size. The timing of bowel movement varies from individuals meaning that in some cases the norm could vary from three times a day to three times a week. Fewer than three times a week is reason for concern. This condition is a symptom in itself rather than a disease. It is likely that everyone at one point is affected by this, with a poor diet being the typical cause. Most constipation is temporary and passes without serious or permanent harm done, however understanding the causes, means of prevention and treatment are essential in finding relief. While this condition is very common, the numbers show that most often women and adults over the age of 65 and older are affected more frequently. Constipation during pregnancy is common especially after child birth or surgery. Most often treatment is with over the counter laxatives . Causes Constipation is caused by a slowing down of the digestion process. The lack of mobility allows for the colon to absorb too much fluid, causing the stool to be hard and dry. There are many reasons for this to occur. While is some cases a lack of fiber in the diet might be the cause, in other cases its lack of physical activity, especially in the elderly. Certain medications and products like milk have a tendency to bring about this symptom. Conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, pregnancy, aging, and travel, all have a direct impact on the speed of the digestion process. Other reasons may include a dependency of laxatives, ignoring the urge to have a bowel movements, dehydration, specific diseases or conditions such as stroke, problems with the colon and rectum, as well as problems with intestinal function (chronic idiopathic constipation). Treatment Of course treating constipation depends on the cause therefore there are several possible ways of dealing with such a state. Fiber is very important to regular bowl movements. The most common cause is a diet with not enough fiber or one that is high in fats, such as cheese, eggs, and meat. Fiber has two forms, soluble and insoluble. A soluble fiber easily dissolves in water and becomes a soft get like substance. Insoluble substance on the other hand passes though the intestine virtually unchanged. This substance helps push the contents through the colon.As a lack of liquids plays a major role in the consistency of the stool, maintaining hydrated in order to stay regular. While research has shown that intake or liquids does not always reverse constipation, some relief is still felt. However liquids that include caffeine or alcohol still are known to worsen the condition due to the fact that such substances have a dehydrating quality. Consuming foods like vegetable juices and clear sou ps, beets, can all aid one with such symptoms. When the condition continues to persist, animas and laxatives may provide relief however this treatment should be used with caution as using this method or treatment may lead the body to fall into dependence and stop working towards recovery. There are several forms of laxatives that are prescribes on an individual bases. Bulk forming laxatives, considered the safest, knows as fiber supplements that are taken with water. Some side effects from this remedy could be discomfort, blooding and pain. Stimulants are another form that causes the muscle contractions in the intestines. One ingredient, phenolphthalein, however has been recently linked to cancer. Osmotic is another drug available that causes fluids to flow in a specific way through the colon resulting in bowel expulsion. This drug is especially idiopathic constipation. Stool softeners moisten the stool and prevent constipation. Typically recommended for post surgical and post labor symptoms. However prolonged use this drug may r esult in electrolyte imbalance. Lubricants grease the stool, aiding then to go through smother. Mineral oil is the most common example. This form of treatment is known to bring results in less the 8 hours. Saline laxative also are used to provide relief by promoting absorption. The way in which this occurs is that they act as a sponge to bring water to the colon. They are most frequently used to treat acute constipation as long as there is no found obstruction. In this form there have also been reported findings electrolytes imbalances, especially in cases with small children of those who suffer from a renal deficiency. Finally, chloride channel activators are also used to increase intestinal fluid and mobility which helps with the passage of stool. This drug is known to be safe for use for up to 12months. One who is using laxatives must slowly stop using them to help the system regain its abilities to perform independently. Treatments for other causes of constipation may include discontinuing certain medication or even performing a surgical procedure for the correction of an anorectic problem such as prolapsed where the bottom portion of the colon is inverted. Surgical removal of the colon could also be an option when the symptoms are saver and caused by colonic inertia. This procedure must be considered only in extreme cases such as the side effects could also be extreme and painful. Continues symptoms of constipation left untreated could also lead to consequences such as hemorrhoids. This is a condition where the anal fissures tears due to forcing of hard stool through the sphincter muscle. As a result, there is anal bleeding, and mucus in the stool. In some cases the lining from the intestine to push out from the anus due to stain and pressure. The treatment for this is typically warm baths or ice packs. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder that is identifies by symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea. This condition causes a great deal of discomfort but does not permanently damage the intestine, and does not lead to serious illnesses such as cancer. While in some cases the symptoms can be debilitating and prevent the suffered from attending work and social events, it is still common for the most part to control the symptoms with controlling diet and stress management. The statistical information of 20% of the adult population makes this one of this one of the most common disorders diagnosed today. It has been noted that this disorder is more frequently occurs in females and typically before the age of 35. Symptoms As mention before, the main symptoms of this disorder are abdominal pain and discomfort. Having said that, symptoms tend to vary according to the individual. In some case the individual experiences constipation, which is characterized as a hardness of stool that is very difficult to pass. It is often that those individuals also complain of cramping and abdominal pain while trying to have a bowel movement with little to no results. This occurs when digesting slows down and the further constipation could lead to toxicity levels to rise. In others, the discomfort takes the form of diarrhea, which is the result of excess amount of fluids in the stool due to the increased speed of the process. Frequent sudden urges to have a bowel moment could accompany such a state. It has been observed that this syndrome is more common in females, especially during their menstrual cycle suggesting that reproductive hormones play a role. There are also tendencies to feel anxiety and depression which is brought on by the discomfort of the state, and also from a lack of proper absorption. Causes Genetics, stress, poor nutrition, hormonal unbalances have all been linked to IBS and IBS symptoms. While there is no one particular cause of the overall syndrome, there are several attribution factors that have been noted. Sensitivity in the colon to specific foods has been known to trigger curtain systems and the epithelium, which is responsible for the control of fluids in and out of the colon, is unable to perform its task as the speeds of movement is increased. Serotonin has also been linked with the normal functions of the gastrointestinal functions (GI). In normal situations 95% is located in the gestural track while the remaining five is in the brain. In those who suffer with IBS, the transport of serotonin is affected causing there to be abnormal amounts of serotonin in the GI tract, leading to more symptoms and discomfort.There is some research that shows there is a connection with the cause of IBS to a bacterial infection in the GI tract. Patients with gastroenteritis have been known to later develop IBS. People with celiac disease have also been found to have symptoms similar to IBS. It is in this case where foods such a wheat barley gluten and rye are unable to be digested by the person with such a condition. Such attempts cause pain and discomfort. Treatments While there are specific methods to deal with the treatment of the individual symptoms, at this point there is no overall cure that is available. Some of these remedies include laxatives, anti de formulas, spasm control medication as well as pain relief medications. Unfortunately treating individual symptoms rather than the core problem may lead to further complications to the overall condition. One example of this is the use of anti-spasmodic or anti depression medications which interfere in the digestion flow and could additional symptoms. Peptic Ulcers Ulcers are essentially described as sores or in some cases holes in the stomach or duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine. Helicobacter pylor is the leading bacteria known for causing this condition. Statistics show that 20% of those under 40 experience this while those over sixty are at a 50% ring of developing this. While the bacterium responsible for this is known, the way in which individuals contract this bacterium is still debatable. If persistent systems are ignored, internal bleeding and rupturing is a strong possibility. Symptoms Symptoms may include a dull gnarring ache with a tendency to come and go throughout the day. This is usually observed 2 to 3 hours after a meal, or when the stomach is empty, quite frequently in the middle of the night. This discomfort is however is relieved by eating. There are also additional symptoms that require immediate attention. This includes a sudden sharp pain, blood in the stool or a backend stool, likewise blood or black vomit. Causes As was previously mentioned, the Helicobacter Pylor has been proved to be the main cause of this disorder. The way in which it works is by embedding itself into the lining of the stomach or the duodenum allowing acid to get though the lining. Both the acid and the bacteria have an irritating quality which causes the sores or tears to appear. The H. Pylor bacterium has the ability to survive the acidity of the stomach as it secretes a neutralizing enzyme that protects it. The spiral shape of this bacterium allows the bacterium to stay firmly in the lining.There are several suspected methods of contracting this bacterium. One is through drinking water or consuming something that is contaminated. Traces of this bacterium have been found in saliva pointing to the option that mouth to mouth contact can also pass the bacteria on. In cases where symptoms include blood in stool or vomit, the cause may be a ruptured blood vessel or an saver obstruction preventing the contents to continue to m ove along. Treatment In order to treat this condition is it primarily important to diagnose it correctly. This is mainly achieved though a G.I (gastrointestinal) exam or endoscopic procedures. This allows for a closer look at the internal activities, and shows if the symptoms or pain and discomfort are in fact caused by the ulcers. In some cases a fragment of the tissue is extracted and examined, this is referred to as a biopsy. If there should happen to be internal bleeder, they are sometimes treaded with an internal heat probe that aid in the clotting of the blood. Alternatively, bleeding could be stopped by clotting medications. Works Cited